Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in Income groups has a great importance in macroeconomic policy making. But due to some restrictions, such as lack of direct data for Income and consumption groups in Iran's statistical yearbooks, estimation of MPC for Income groups has not been done yet. The purpose of this study is to estimate the MPC for Income groups by using the relative permanent Income hypothesis (RPI), introduced in recent economic literature. Also in this research, the effects of Income distribution on MPC of Income groups will be analyzed. To this end, ordinary least square (OLS) method is used during 1982-2006 period. Study results confirm a significant relationship between MPC and RPI. According to estimates, MPC for low, medium and high Income groups is 0/995, 0/84 and 0/7, respectively. Short run estimate of MPC shows that with increase of MPC for one Income group, the MPC for another Income group will decline. Among other result in this study is that in Iran economy, unfair (fair) distribution of Income, will not decrease (increase) consumption enough to increase (decrease) saving to optimal level.

Introduction: The housing is a durable, multidimensional, non-homogenous, immoveable, very expensive good, and the main factor signifying the sociability of people within the universe which is accompanied with symbolic values as the sign of status and lifestyle of people. Based on this, the current paper has aimed to evaluate the state of the houses of people of different Income classes, to suggest plans for preparing people of low Income with appropriate housing at different city spots of the province of Lorestan, and to reveal more about the poor quality of the construction of houses, inappropriate urban planning pattern, and improper materials used for building urban houses, in order to attract the attention of the authorities and managers. Based on the studies we have conducted, nearly two third of the population of the cities in Lorestan live in nondurable houses, deprived from suitable needed spaces.Methodology: This study is a fundamental – practical study, conducted within the geographic-politic boarders of the province of Lorestan, in the year 2007, the statistics source of which was Iran's Statistics Center. The methods used include statistics techniques of population tenths. In order to estimate financial states of the groups, the indirect function method is being used. Also, in order to define the opportunities, threats, power points and weak points of the low-Income groups, the SWOT model is used.Result and Discussion: Findings of this research show the family size has had a reduction from 4.3 in the year 1997 to 3.7 in the year 2007. Within the period of 1997 to 2007, the mean residential areas owned by the first to the last tenths have had fluctuations in different city spots, i.e. the mean residential area owned by the first tenth as the lowest tenth of the society has increased from 57.9 square meters in 1997 to 82.7 in 2007. On the contrary, the mean residential area owned by the last tenth has decreased from 139.5 to 122.1. In the year 2007, the mean residential area owned by the first tenth was 82.7 square meters, and this value was 60.7 square meters for the second tenth, 107.7 for the third, 99.7 for the fourth, 117.5 for the fifth, 105 for the sixth, 1.6 for the seventh, 102 for the eighth, 112.9 for the ninth and 122.1 for the last tenth which is the highest mean value of the residential area. Within the period of 1997-2007 the rate of owning a house in urban areas of the province of Lorestan has decreased from 54.5 percent to 50 percent. This value has had a great reduction in the second tenth and has decreased from 86.4 percent in 1997 to 34.5 percent in the year 2007. The rate of house ownership has increased in the third tenth, decreased in the fourth tenth, increased in fifth, sixth and seventh tenths and decreased in the last tenths. Tenancy percentage has increased in the first, second, fourth, ninth and last tenths and decreased in the others within the period of 1997 to 2007. Based on the mean price per square meter, in the year 2007 house ownership ability is on average 4.8 square meter of a residential area in the first tenth and about 13 square meters in the fifth tenth. Saving tendency is 5 percent in the first tenth, 4 percent in the second tenth, 6 percent in the third tenth, 8 percent in the fourth tenth, 9 percent in the fifth tenth, 9 percent in sixth, seventh and eighth tenths, 22 in ninth tenths and 19 in the last tenth. The Income of these tenths is 3.8, 7.14, 3.13, 22.7, 37.3, 39.8, 58, 70.6, 98.3, 331.2 and 447.2 million Rials respectively. The poverty line in the area of housing has increased within the period of 1997 to 2007 based on both mean value and mid value. In the year 2002, the average poverty line was 4 based on mean value and 36 based on mid value. These amounts were 9 and 9.2 respectively in the year 2007. Conclusion: The lower tenths of the residents of urban areas in Lorestan province are of the highest unemployment rate, lowest Income, and highest rate of tenancy the value of which reduces as we move towards higher tenths. Hence, regarding the volume of housing needs, the first tenths of the society are of higher needs for the tenancy percentage in the province is about 18 percent. The Income of the first to fifth tenths is also very low as compared to the average price.

Introduction: The policy of inexpensive housing is new in Iran though some kinds of houses including free houses, supported housing, social housing, renting providing ownership, and Mehr housing are developed in the recent years. Karaj Metropolis as a host for immigrants and a center for industry and workforce in Tehran is in need for housing for low Income groups. The main problem of the research is the pattern of providing houses for low Income groups in this city. Therefore, the purpose of the present research is to examine the patterns to provide housing for the low Income groups. Methodology This is a fundamental-developmental research by a descriptive-analytical method. The study area of this research is Karaj City as center of Alborz Province in the vicinity of Tehran, capital of Iran. The variables included in the research are deciles, foundation surface, family dimension, percentage of ownership, percentage of tenants and occupants, cost of house, and bank accommodations. The data have been obtained from Iran Statistical Center. The methods used include statistical techniques of population tenths. In order to estimate financial states of the groups, the indirect function method has been used. In order to define the opportunities, threats, power points and weak points of the low- Income groups, quantitative analyses have been performed through indirect method functions and Stone- Garry Function. To estimate and calculate the absolute line of poverty and for the relative line of poverty, SPSS and Excel software have been employed in this study…

The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of food security in different Income groups in the city of Boyer-Ahmad (from the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad environs). The sample was selected based on the multistage cluster sampling method. Required data were collected through interviews and completion of questionnaire. Supplementary data were derived from the food composition tables. To assess food security, food diversity indices such as Hannah - Kay (HKNE), Berry (BI), Entropy (EI), numbers of food groups, number of food items, and also the ratio of energy intake to the recommended energy (ERC) index were used. Comparing the values of these indices and also amounts of intakes and recommended nutrients in various Income groups (4 groups) were performed and analyzed using ANOVA model. The average of used indicators indicate that food diversity and food security is in the moderate level in Boyer-Ahmad city. The difference of mentioned indices among Income groups is significant at the 5% level. Parallel to increasing Income level, the frequency percentage of households which have diversity and food security, and the amount of macronutrients intake considerably have been increased. With respect to changes of Income levels and their impact on food security, it is recommended that future government policies directed towards a balanced regional development and more equitable distribution of investments and subsidies. For correcting eating habits, it should be pay more attention to nutritional education through the mass media, formal education and training particularly in the areas such as Boyer-Ahmad city.

As the main element of economy, human being has requirements the main one of which is the need for food security and healthy nutrition. Unfortunately, in the Iranian society there are two groups of people who do not enjoy food security. These groups include people who either do not have the financial means to provide healthy and nutritious food or those who, despite having the financial means, lack the necessary knowledge regarding proper combination of various food groups. Therefore, the two main factors which play important role in creating people's food security are 1) Income (financial ability) and 2) knowledge regarding nutrition and preparation of proper food basket.In this paper at the first time by using fuzzy logic with trapezoidal membership function, data from statistical center and food ingredients tables, a food basket for urban and rural families is defined and we will see that fuzzy logic is preffered to other methods. for this problem (obtain basket food) we have 21 objectives, 27 variables, 10 nutrition and 78 constrains that by using goal programming we receive a food basket which, requires the least cost.The cost of the said basket determines which Income groups are capable of providing for their nutritional needs and which are not.Findings of this study indicate that I) Urban families within the first ten percentile point and rural families within the first ten and twenty percentile points do not have the necessary financial means to provide for desired food security.

The excellence of each society depends on meeting the basic needs of those people. If any person has a decent job and housing in his life, he will feel comfortable with an efficient and comprehensive social security structure and adequate security and the law-enforcement community. The people of such a community will have considerable potential for excellence and, if there is proper planning in these societies, scientific progress, development, wealth generation, and the pioneering economy and, most importantly, human dignity will be decisive. In all societies, Income diversification is inevitable among people, and naturally, people with appropriate Income are able to meet their different needs, but low-Income groups without the support of governments will not be able to meet their basic needs, including housing. Therefore, planning to support this group is a prerequisite for social justice and, at the same time, necessary for the development of a progressive and balanced society. So, in order to realize this, this paper has addressed the need for housing for low-Income groups over the next 25 years. To do this, first all the characteristics of the target group are determined and then the number of required housing is estimated by the end of the year. The importance of estimating the number of residential units needed for the future is very important in estimating the funds needed to build these residential units, as well as for proper management and financing, and, on the other hand, provides the necessary housing and, on the other hand, promotes market growth and prosperity. Housing will be.

The current study, drawing on mathematical modeling, aimed at uncovering factors influencing life expectency (as a proxy of health) among OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) countries. More specifically, this article tried to examine health criteria set in the Muslim world in homogeneous Income countries. In doing so, we initially depict a conceptual model, and then investigate the various factors affecting health issues by the use of a generalized model developed by Grossman in those countries. The findings of the study (in a period from 1995 to 2009) revealed that the effective factors were the varibles of GDP per capita, the ratio of total health costs in GDP, out of pocket, malnutrition, and the rates of adolescent fertility. That is, the medical, economic, social, and environmental factors were reported as those influencing the healthy issues in these countries. Moreover, except for upper middle average Income Muslim countries, the health conditions of homogenous groups of Income (i.e. low Income, lower-middle-Income, middle-Income and high-Income) have been improved by reducing the rate of teen childbearing variables (social development) and risk of malnutrition (living conditions), though they have not been affected by these two factors. The implications of this study discussed the growing Income trend with increasing GDP per capita and the ratio of health spending to gdp (economic inputs), and this fact, in turn, shows the effects of the economic inputs on the improvement of health status in Muslim countries.

In general, housing policies are key indicators of the governments attitudes, ideals, and political beliefs. Any decision with regard to the low-Income groups housing reflects the governments, real desire in improving the life quality of these groups. Providing house population in developing countries is now one of the most important problems resulting rapid population growth. Low-Income groups have always been a part of the urban population and it is the art of soci-economice organization of every society that reduces the proportion and provides them whth their needs like housing. Based on experiences gained improviding house for this group of people, housing planners have suggested ways for providing them with houses. In this article, various housing strategies for low-Income groups in urban areas will be analysed and the main focus will be on informal settlements as the main housing of low-Income in urban areas.